Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) is a condition in childbirth where the baby’s head (cephalo-) is too large or the mother’s pelvis is too small (or both) to allow the baby to pass safely through the birth canal. In simpler terms: CPD means the baby cannot fit through the mother’s pelvis during labor. Causes of CPD Large baby (macrosomia), often due to diabetes or post-term pregnancy Small or abnormally shaped maternal pelvis Malpresentation (baby’s head not well-flexed, e.g., brow or face presentation) Abnormal fetal positions (e.g., occiput posterior) When is it suspected? Labor does not progress despite strong contractions Cervical dilation stops or slows markedly Baby does not descend into the birth canal Management Careful monitoring during labor Trial of labor if conditions are borderline Cesarean section if labor fails to progress or CPD is diagnosed