Infertility refers to the inability to conceive a child after one year of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. It can affect both men and women, and the causes can vary widely. Infertility is generally diagnosed when a couple fails to conceive after trying for at least a year. Causes of Infertility in Women: Ovulation Disorders: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A common hormonal disorder that affects ovulation. Hypothalamic Dysfunction: A malfunction in the part of the brain that regulates ovulation. Premature Ovarian Failure: Early loss of ovarian function, leading to a lack of eggs. Luteal Phase Defect: An insufficient progesterone production after ovulation, affecting implantation. Blocked or Damaged Fallopian Tubes: Conditions like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometriosis, or previous surgeries can block or damage the tubes, preventing sperm from reaching the egg or interfering with embryo transport. Endometriosis: Tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, affecting the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and surrounding organs, which can impair fertility. Uterine Problems: Structural issues, such as fibroids, polyps, or congenital abnormalities of the uterus, can interfere with implantation or pregnancy. Age: Female fertility declines with age, especially after age 35, due to a reduction in both the quantity and quality of eggs. Hormonal Imbalances: Disorders of the thyroid, prolactin levels, or other hormones can affect ovulation and reproductive health. Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, extreme weight changes, and high-stress levels can contribute to infertility. Chronic Health Conditions: Conditions like diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and obesity can affect fertility. Causes of Infertility in Men: Low Sperm Count (Oligospermia): A lower-than-normal number of sperm in the ejaculate can reduce the chance of fertilizing an egg. Poor Sperm Quality: Issues with sperm motility (movement) or morphology (shape) can impair the ability to fertilize an egg. Blocked Seminal Vesicles or Vas Deferens: Blockages or obstructions in the tubes that carry sperm from the testes to the urethra can prevent sperm from being ejaculated. Varicocele: